Phishing Definition and History. Skillset. Practice tests & assessments. Practice for certification success with the Skillset library of over 1. We analyze your responses and can determine when you are ready to sit for the test. Computer dictionary definition for what ethical hacking and an ethical hacker means including related links, information, and terms. Cybercrime is any unlawful activity that involves a computer. The computing device may be the agent of the crime, the facilitator of the crime or the target of the crime. Hacking definition, replacement of a single course of stonework by two or more lower courses.
Along your journey to exam readiness, we will: 1. Determine which required skills your knowledge is sufficient. Which required skills you need to work on. Recommend specific skills to practice on next. Track your progress towards a certification exam. Security hacker - Wikipedia. A security hacker is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, information gathering. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground. In this controversy, the term hacker is reclaimed by computer programmers who argue that it refers simply to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it is more often used by the mass media and popular culture to refer to those who seek access despite these security measures. That is, the media portrays the 'hacker' as a villain. Nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use the word in a positive sense. White hat is the name given to ethical computer hackers, who utilize hacking in a helpful way. White hats are becoming a necessary part of the information security field. Accordingly, the term bears strong connotations that are favorable or pejorative, depending on the context. The subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene, or computer underground. It initially developed in the context of phreaking during the 1. BBS scene of the 1. It is implicated with 2. The Hacker Quarterly and the alt. In 1. 98. 0, an article in the August issue of Psychology Today (with commentary by Philip Zimbardo) used the term . It was an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use. In the 1. 98. 2 film Tron, Kevin Flynn (Jeff Bridges) describes his intentions to break into ENCOM's computer system, saying . CLU is the software he uses for this. By 1. 98. 3, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon. This concern became real when, in the same year, a gang of teenage hackers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, known as The 4. United States and Canada, including those of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center and Security Pacific Bank. House of Representatives on September 2. House that year. These moral conflicts are expressed in The Mentor's . Later that year, the release by Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. The popularity of Stoll's book The Cuckoo's Egg, published one year later, further entrenched the term in the public's consciousness. Classifications. Several subgroups of the computer underground with different attitudes use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other, or try to exclude some specific group with whom they do not agree. Eric S. Raymond, author of The New Hacker's Dictionary, advocates that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they emphasize a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve the term cracker for more malicious activity. According to Ralph D. Clifford, a cracker or cracking is to . The term is generally synonymous with ethical hacker, and the EC- Council. A grey hat hacker may surf the Internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of notifying the administrator that their system has a security defect, for example. They may then offer to correct the defect for a fee. Even though grey hat hackers may not necessarily perform hacking for their personal gain, unauthorized access to a system can be considered illegal and unethical. Elite hacker. A social status among hackers, elite is used to describe the most skilled. Newly discovered exploits circulate among these hackers. Elite groups such as Masters of Deception conferred a kind of credibility on their members. Microsoft also uses the term Blue. Hat to represent a series of security briefing events. Other exploits would be able to be used through File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), PHP, SSH, Telnet and some Web pages. These are very common in Web site and Web domain hacking. Techniques. Vulnerability scanner. A vulnerability scanner is a tool used to quickly check computers on a network for known weaknesses. Hackers also commonly use port scanners. These check to see which ports on a specified computer are . A common approach is to search for possible vulnerabilities in the code of the computer system then test them, sometimes reverse engineering the software if the code is not provided. Brute- force attack. Password guessing. This method is very fast when used to check all short passwords, but for longer passwords other methods such as the dictionary attack are used, because of the time a brute- force search takes. Common approaches include repeatedly trying guesses for the password, trying the most common passwords by hand, and repeatedly trying passwords from a . Rootkits usually obscure their installation and attempt to prevent their removal through a subversion of standard system security. They may include replacements for system binaries, making it virtually impossible for them to be detected by checking process tables. Social engineering. In the second stage of the targeting process, hackers often use Social engineering tactics to get enough information to access the network. They may contact the system administrator and pose as a user who cannot get access to his or her system. This technique is portrayed in the 1. Hackers, when protagonist Dade . Posing as an accountant working for the same company, Dade tricks the employee into giving him the phone number of a modem so he can gain access to the company's computer system. Hackers who use this technique must have cool personalities, and be familiar with their target's security practices, in order to trick the system administrator into giving them information. In some cases, a help- desk employee with limited security experience will answer the phone and be relatively easy to trick. Another approach is for the hacker to pose as an angry supervisor, and when his/her authority is questioned, threaten to fire the help- desk worker. Social engineering is very effective, because users are the most vulnerable part of an organization. No security devices or programs can keep an organization safe if an employee reveals a password to an unauthorized person. Social engineering can be broken down into four sub- groups. Intimidation As in the . At this point, many people accept that the hacker is a supervisor and give them the information they seek. Helpfulness The opposite of intimidation, helpfulness exploits many people's natural instinct to help others solve problems. Rather than acting angry, the hacker acts distressed and concerned. The help desk is the most vulnerable to this type of social engineering, as (a.) its general purpose is to help people; and (b.) it usually has the authority to change or reset passwords, which is exactly what the hacker wants. Some of these names, such as those of webpage owners or company officers, can easily be obtained online. Hackers have also been known to obtain names by examining discarded documents (so- called . A hacker can send a fax or email to a legitimate user, seeking a response that contains vital information. The hacker may claim that he or she is involved in law enforcement and needs certain data for an investigation, or for record- keeping purposes. Trojan horses. A Trojan horse is a program that seems to be doing one thing but is actually doing another. It can be used to set up a back door in a computer system, enabling the intruder to gain access later. By doing this, it behaves similarly to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. While some viruses are harmless or mere hoaxes, most are considered malicious. Computer worm. Like a virus, a worm is also a self- replicating program. It differs from a virus in that (a.) it propagates through computer networks without user intervention; and (b.) does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Nonetheless, many people use the terms . Some keyloggers use virus- , trojan- , and rootkit- like methods to conceal themselves. However, some of them are used for legitimate purposes, even to enhance computer security. For example, a business may maintain a keylogger on a computer used at a point of sale to detect evidence of employee fraud. Attack patterns. Attack patterns are defined as series of repeatable steps that can be applied to simulate an attack against the security of a system. They can be used for testing purposes or locating potential vulnerabilities. They also provide, either physically or in reference, a common solution pattern for preventing a given attack. Tools and Procedures. A thorough examination of hacker tools and procedures may be found in Cengage Learning's E. He has spoken in front of the United States Senate on technology issues. Ed Cummings (also known as Bernie S) is a longstanding writer for 2. The Hacker Quarterly. In 1. 99. 5, he was arrested and charged with possession of technology that could be used for fraudulent purposes, and set legal precedents after being denied both a bail hearing and a speedy trial. Eric Corley (also known as Emmanuel Goldstein) is the longstanding publisher of 2. The Hacker Quarterly. He is also the founder of the Hackers on Planet Earth (HOPE) conferences. He has been part of the hacker community since the late 1. Gary Mc. Kinnon is a Scottish hacker who was facing extradition to the United States to face criminal charges. Many people in the UK called on the authorities to be lenient with Mc. Kinnon, who suffers from Asperger syndrome. The extradition has now been dropped. He is a founding member of the Honeynet Project and Vice President of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.
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